Okuzimba ekifo kya BEST host for China’s nuclear fusion device kutandise mu bujjuvu
Nga October 1st, enkyukakyuka enkulu yakolebwa mu kuzimba ekyuma kya China ekigatta nukiriya ekya BEST.
Base eno ezitowa ttani ezisukka mu 400 yassibwa bulungi era nga egenda kukozesebwa okutwala BEST host ng’omugatte guzitowa ttani nga 6700, nga kino kitegeeza nti entandikwa y’okuzimba mu bujjuvu ekifo kino ekikulu eky’ebyuma ebizito.
Mu biseera eby’omu maaso, ekyuma kino kigenda kuba kye kisoose okukakasibwa mu nsi yonna okwolesebwa kw’okukola amasannyalaze ga nukiriya, era kisuubirwa okukoleeza ekitangaala ekisooka okuyita mu kuyungibwa kwa nukiriya mu mwaka gwa 2030.
Nuclear Fusion: Ekigambo Ekisembayo eky’Okunoonyereza ku Amasoboza g’Obwengula
Okuva ku kyama ky'okwokya enjuba okutambula obutasalako okumala emyaka obuwumbi buna n'obukadde 600 okutuuka ku kunoonya kw'obuntu okusembayo amaanyi amayonjo "agataggwaawo", okuyungibwa kwa nukiriya bulijjo kubadde emu ku ndagiriro z'okunoonyereza ezisinga okuwuniikiriza mu kisaawe kya ssaayansi. Si ge maanyi amakulu gokka agavuga emmunyeenye okufulumya ekitangaala n’ebbugumu mu bwengula, naye era tekinologiya ow’omulembe-alina obusobozi okukyusa ddala embeera y’amasoboza g’omuntu.
Mu ngeri ennyangu, okuyungibwa kwa nyukiliya kitegeeza enkola ya nyukiliya za atomu ezitazitowa (nga isotopu za haidrojeni deuterium ne tritium) okuvvuunuka okugoba kw’amasannyalaze (Coulomb repulsion) wakati wa nyukiliya ku bbugumu ne puleesa eza waggulu ennyo, ne zitomeragana ne ziyungibwa mu nyukiliya za atomu ezizitowa (nga heliyamu), ate nga zifulumya amasoboza amangi ennyo. Enkola eno egoberera ensengekera y’amasoboza ga Einstein "E=mc 2" - obuzito bwonna obwa nyukiliya empya eyungiddwa butono katono okusinga omugatte gw’obuzito bwa nyukiliya ebbiri nga tebunnayungibwa, era obuzito obukendedde (okufiirwa kw’obuzito) bujja kufulumizibwa mu ngeri y’amasoboza, nga density y’amasoboza esukkulumye nnyo ku masoboza gonna agakozesebwa abantu mu kiseera kino.
Okutegeera amaanyi g’amasoboza g’okuyungibwa kwa nukiriya, ekibinja kimu kyokka eky’okugeraageranya data kye kyetaagisa: amasoboza agafulumizibwa enzirukanya y’okuyungibwa eya kkiro emu ey’omutabula gwa deuterium tritium genkana n’ebbugumu erikolebwa olw’okwokya ttani 27000 ez’amanda aga bulijjo oba amaanyi agava mu kwokya okujjuvu kwa ttani 120 eza petulooli; Naye amasoboza agafulumizibwa amafuta g’okuyungibwa kwa nukiriya ag’omutindo gwe gumu (nga yuraniyamu-235) gali nga 1/4 yokka ku ago agafulumizibwa okuyungibwa kwa nukiriya. Ekisinga obukulu, ensibuko z’amafuta ag’okuyungibwa kwa nukiriya kumpi tezirina kkomo - deuterium eri nnyo mu mazzi g’ennyanja ku nsi, era buli liita y’amazzi g’ennyanja erimu deuterium esobola okufulumya amaanyi ageenkana liita 300 eza petulooli okuyita mu kuyungibwa. Deuterium ali mu mazzi g’ennyanja mu nsi yonna asobola okutuukiriza ebyetaago by’amaanyi by’abantu okumala emyaka egisukka mu bukadde; Newankubadde nga tritium ntono nnyo mu butonde, esobola okutegekebwa mu ngeri ey'ekikugu nga ekwataganya lithium (ekintu ekingi mu kibumba ky'Ensi) ne nyutulooni, era tewali buzibu bwa "bbula lya mafuta".
Naye okutuuka ku kuyungibwa kwa nukiriya okufugibwa si mulimu mwangu, era okusoomoozebwa kwakyo okukulu kuli mu "engeri y'okutondawo n'okukuuma embeera ezisukkiridde ez'okuyungibwa kwa nukiriya". Munda mu Njuba, okugwa kw'amaanyi ag'ekisikirize kuleeta ebbugumu erya waggulu erya diguli obukadde 15 ne puleesa ey'amaanyi eya atmospheres obuwumbi 250, mu butonde nga zituukana ne "embeera z'okukuma omuliro" ez'okuyungibwa kwa nukiriya; Naye ku Nsi, abantu tebasobola kukoppa ssikirizo ya maanyi bwetyo era basobola okukoppa embeera ezisukkiridde nga bayita mu ngeri za tekinologiya. Mu kiseera kino, waliwo endagiriro bbiri enkulu ez’okunoonyereza:
Ekika ekimu ye magnetic confinement fusion, ekiikirira International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), emanyiddwa ennyo nga "enjuba ey'obutonde". Ekozesa ekifo kya magineeti eky’amaanyi ennyo (nga 100000 okusinga ekifo kya magineeti eky’Ensi) okusiba pulasima (embeera ey’okuna ey’ekintu nga nuclei za atomu n’obusannyalazo byawuddwamu) n’ebbugumu erituuka ku diguli obukadde 150 mu kisenge kya vacuum ekyekulungirivu (ekyuma kya tokamak), okwewala ebbugumu lya pulasima erya waggulu-okukwatagana n’ekisenge ky’ekyuma n’okukola causing okunyogoza, . ate nga buli kiseera abugumya pulasima okutuukiriza embeera ezeetaagisa mu nsengekera z’okuyungibwa. Mu mwaka gwa 2023, ekyuma kya China ekya "Artificial Sun" (EAST) kyatuuka ku kukola obutasalako kwa pulasima ku diguli obukadde 120 okumala sekondi 403, ne kiteekawo likodi y'ensi yonna era ne kiteekawo omusingi gw'okugezesa okwaddirira okwa ITER.
Ekika ekirala ye Inertial confinement fusion, ekiikirira ekitongole kya National Ignition Facility (NIF) ekya Amerika. Essira liteeka layisi 192 ez’amasoboza amangi-ku kigendererwa kya deuterium tritium ekirina obuwanvu bwa milimita ntono zokka, n’ebugumya ekigendererwa okutuuka ku diguli obukadde 30 era n’ekinyigiriza okutuuka ku mirundi 100 egy’obuzito bw’omusingi gw’Ensi mu kiseera ekitono ennyo (nga 10 trillionths of a second), nga ekozesa inertia ya pulasima okumaliriza okuyungibwa reaction mu kaseera katono nga okusaasaana tekisoboka. Mu December 2022, NIF yatuuka ku "net energy gain" omulundi ogwasooka - amasoboza agafulumizibwa ensengekera z'okuyungibwa gasukka amasoboza ga layisi eyingizibwa, ekiraga okumenyawo okunene mu kkubo ly'okusiba mu ngeri etali ya maanyi.
Ng’oggyeeko amaanyi amangi n’amafuta amangi, okuyungibwa kwa nukiriya nakyo kirina obukuumi obw’enkomeredde n’okukuuma obutonde bw’ensi. Okwawukanako n'okukutuka kwa nyukiliya, ensengekera z'okuyungibwa kwa nyukiliya zijja kukoma amangu ddala ng'embeera ezisukkiridde ziweddewo (nga okutaataaganyizibwa kw'ekifo kya magineeti oba okuyimirira kwa layisi), era tewali bulabe bwa "kusaanuuka kw'omusingi"; Ekikulu ekiva mu nsengekera ye heliyamu (omukka ogutali gwa butwa era ogutaliiko bulabe ogutaliiko bulabe), ogutakola kasasiro ow’ekiseera ekiwanvu-akola amasannyalaze ng’okukutuka kwa nukiriya era kumpi terina bucaafu bwonna eri obutonde.
Wadde ng’abantu tebannaba kutuuka ku kukola amasannyalaze ga nukiriya ag’ettunzi (kisuubirwa okwetaagisa emyaka 30-50 egy’okumenyawo tekinologiya), buli mutendera gw’enkulaakulana mu kuyungibwa kwa nukiriya, okuva ku kuyungibwa kw’enjuba okw’obutonde okutuuka ku kumenya mpolampola mu laboratory, gusika abantu okusemberera ekigendererwa kya “eddembe ly’amasoboza”. Mu biseera eby’omu maaso, amabibiro g’amasannyalaze aga nukiriya bwe ganasaasaanyizibwa mu nsi yonna, abantu bajja kuva ddala okwesigama ku mafuta g’ebintu ebikadde, bagonjoole ebizibu by’ensi yonna ng’enkyukakyuka y’obudde n’ebbula ly’amasoboza, era batandikewo omulembe omupya ogwesigamiziddwa ku maanyi amayonjo era agataliiko kkomo.
